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Memory and cognition

Cognitive impairment – a decline in memory and thinking skills – in older adults has a variety of possible causes, including medication side effects, metabolic and/or endocrine derangements, delirium due to another illness, depression, and dementia. Find out more below.

What does drawing clocks have to do with driving cars? Tests of cognitive skills that can flag older drivers who may be unsafe behind the wheel
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Computer brain games for treating cognitive impairment
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Is it normal aging or mild cognitive impairment?
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75 Show All 35Blog Posts 25Evidence Summaries 15Web Resource Ratings 0Patient Decision Aids

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  • Evidence Summary

    Tai Chi can improve cognitive function in older adults with cognitive impairment and healthy older adults

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    The evidence is unclear about whether it is better for older adults to receive long-term care through home and community-based services or in a nursing home

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2012)
  • Evidence Summary

    Computerised cognitive training for 12 or more weeks for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020)
  • Evidence Summary

    Seated exercise may improve cognition in older adults with a health condition or impairment

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Australasian Journal on Ageing (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    In older people with mild cognitive decline, visual art therapy improves cognitive ability by a small amount

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    J Adv Nurs (2020)
  • Evidence Summary

    Combined physical activity and brain training can improve cognitive function in older adults

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late life.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Interventions can improve medication habits in patients with dementia, but do not improve health outcomes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Drugs & Aging (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people with mild cognitive impairment, exercise improves cognitive function

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Int J Nurs Stud (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people without cognitive impairment or with mild cognitive impairment, drug treatments do not prevent or delay dementia or cognitive decline

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Ann Intern Med (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Not enough evidence to show that over-the-counter supplements prevent cognitive decline in healthy adults or people with mild cognitive impairment

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Ann Intern Med (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Physical exercise can improve cognitive function in adults over 50 years of age

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    British Journal of Sports Medicine (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Cognitive-based training can enhance cognitive function in healthy older adults

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    Advance care planning among older patients may increase patient knowledge, reduce unnecessary hospitalization and reduce stress and anxiety for bereaved families

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Maturitas (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    Reminiscence therapy can reduce social isolation and depression in people living in urban residential aged-care facilities

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Quality of Life Research (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2012)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people without cognitive impairment, computerized cognitive training improves cognitive performance by a small amount

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    PLoS Med (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    Regular geriatric nurse home visits and physician education may increase dementia diagnoses

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Stopping psychotropic medications can reduce falls and improve cognition

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Age Ageing (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people with mild cognitive impairment, cholinesterase inhibitors do not prevent dementia

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Br J Psychiatry (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Tests detect dementia in older people; cognitive stimulation or some drugs may slightly improve cognitive function

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Ann Intern Med (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Meaningful social roles may improve health and well-being for people in retirement

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Milbank Quarterly (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Low-dose aspirin does not reduce cognitive impairment in older adults

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    J Am Geriatr Soc (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    People with dementia living in the community and their caregivers may benefit most from interventions with multiple components that are tailored to their needs

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    BMC Geriatrics (2015)
  • Blog Post

    Getting interactive with our brain health through e-learning lessons

    Learn about brain health through the McMaster Optimal Aging Portal’s interactive e-learning lessons.
  • Blog Post

    Linking cognition and mobility

    Research highlights the benefits of exercise for our body and mind! Don't miss tips and tricks on how to get and stay active.
  • Blog Post

    Linking sensory loss to cognitive decline

    Are sensory loss and cognitive decline linked? Find out what the research has to say!
  • Blog Post

    Aging does not occur in silos

    Research explores the links between changes in hearing, vision, mobility and cognition.
  • Blog Post

    Improving cognitive skills with aerobic exercise

    Aerobic exercise “flexes its muscles” when it comes to cognitive health.
  • Blog Post

    Assistive Technology Made Easy: Exploring the AccessATCanada Navigation Portal

    Navigating the world of assistive technology can feel overwhelming, but the AccessATCanada navigation portal changes the game by simplifying the process of finding programs and services in Canada. With tools that let users refine searches by location, technology type, and eligibility criteria, the portal offers a personalized way to connect with life-changing resources.
  • Blog Post

    Cause for concern? Medications and falls in people living with cognitive impairment

    Research addresses questions around side effects related to commonly prescribed cognitive enhancers.
  • Blog Post

    Coping strategies for memory loss

    Older adults, whether cognitively impaired or not, use three types of strategies to cope with memory loss: external, internal and behavioural strategies.
  • Blog Post

    ‘Behind the Music’: Music-making for cognitive health

    Do you or a loved one live with cognitive impairment or dementia? You may want to try or consider music-making therapy. Preliminary research shows benefits for cognitive function.
  • Blog Post

    Learn a new language to train your brain and more

    There is no age to learn a new language. Learn about the benefits of learning a new language on the quality of life and cognitive abilities in healthy older adults.
  • Blog Post

    5 evidence-based tips for living with mild cognitive impairment or dementia

    Are you or someone you know living with mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Research points to five strategies that can help improve cognitive and mental health.
  • Blog Post

    Are aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective for preventing dementia?

    If you’re interested in aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a dementia prevention strategy, you should know that current evidence doesn’t support their use for this purpose and raises red flags around potential health risks.
  • Blog Post

    Let’s get visual! The “art” of improving cognitive ability and mental wellbeing

    Can leaning into your “artsy” side enhance your cognitive health? See what the evidence has to say about the use of visual art therapy for people with different levels of cognitive health.
  • Blog Post

    Cognitive impairment and dementia: Using cognitive training to cope with the accompanying depression

    Coping with the consequences of mild cognitive impairment or dementia is difficult enough without having to deal with depression as well. Can cognitive training provide any relief when it comes to depression?
  • Blog Post

    Taking a seat for better health? The benefits of modifying exercise for people with health conditions

    Seated exercise may hold benefits for cognitive health in older adults with health conditions.
  • Blog Post

    Fact or fiction: Research reveals the truth about common supplements

    There are many claims out there about the health benefits of dietary supplements, but not all claims are backed by evidence. Talk to your health care provider about which supplements may be beneficial to you.
  • Blog Post

    Boost your brain health with exercise targeting both your body and your brain

    Combing exercise for both your brain and your body could be just what you need to keep your mind sharp as you age.
  • Blog Post

    Preventing dementia: Are vitamin and mineral supplements worth the money?

    Dementia is a major concern as we age. If you're hoping to fend off this devastating condition, based on current evidence, vitamin and mineral supplements may not be the answer.
  • Blog Post

    Get up, get moving, and exercise your way to a healthier mind

    New research shows that staying physically active may not just be good for your body, but good for your mind too!
  • Blog Post

    Not as sharp as you used to be? Exercises for your brain might help keep it fit

    When it comes to healthy aging, exercising our brains can be just as important as exercising our bodies. Research shows that cognitive-based training can help healthy older adults stay sharp.
  • Blog Post

    Still here! Don’t let a dementia diagnosis keep you out of the conversation

    Everyone – including those with dementia – has the right to make decisions that affect their own health. Staying involved and engaged for as long as possible is key to a better quality of life.
  • Blog Post

    Do cholesterol lowering drugs help prevent dementia?

    Some researchers believe heart health and Alzheimer’s are linked. Will cholesterol-lowering pills for people at risk of heart disease help prevent dementia?
  • Blog Post

    Computer brain games for treating cognitive impairment

    Healthy aging involves exercising both the brain and the body. Can computer games and activities improve cognitive abilities in people with cognitive decline?
  • Blog Post

    3 simple ways to manage challenging behaviours associated with dementia

    What can caregivers do to help manage common behavior challenges among people with dementia? Three tips supported by research evidence.
  • Blog Post

    Combat loneliness and depression by sharing memories: Relive those glory days!

    One of the pleasures in life is spending time with family and friends. Another is getting together to relive those good times and memorable moments. Research shows that group activities involving reminiscing can help relieve social isolation/loneliness and depression.
  • Blog Post

    Does caregiver stress affect the move to long term care?

    Providing care for family members with challenging chronic diseases like dementia can be highly stressful and take a toll on caregivers’ physical and psychological health. When caregivers become “burnt out” are their loved ones more likely to be placed in long term care facilities?
  • Blog Post

    What does drawing clocks have to do with driving cars? Tests of cognitive skills that can flag older drivers who may be unsafe behind the wheel

    Problems with seniors' driving have been linked to changes in their medical and functional status that are not related to normal aging changes. The key is to identify drivers who are at risk.
  • Blog Post

    Exercise and dementia: What does the latest research tell us?

    Regular exercise keeps us fit and healthy and helps reduce the risk of many diseases as we age, but what can it do for people with dementia or those looking to prevent it?
  • Blog Post

    Just a "senior's moment"? What are the best ways to diagnose dementia?

    Although there is no cure for Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia, finding out the best ways to diagnose the condition early may help people to access the best available treatments and support and maintain control and independence for as long as possible.
  • Blog Post

    When it might be wise to stop taking certain medications

    Certain drugs can increase risk for falls or confusion in older adults. Regularly review your medication with your doctor to reduce these risks.
  • Blog Post

    Hearing loss, part 2: Is hearing loss linked to dementia?

    Hearing loss may be a sign to older adults that there is more going on with their overall health. Recent research suggests that people with hearing loss may be at greater risk of developing dementia.
  • Blog Post

    Hearing loss, part 1: Is it my hearing or is it my memory? Why do older people have trouble following conversations in noisy situations?

    As we age, our hearing and brain changes and these affect everyday communication and social interaction. Researchers have been showing how the ear and brain work together and have discovered some intriguing connections.
  • Blog Post

    Can treatment prevent dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment?

    Treatments including Alzheimer's medications, vitamins, exercise, and memory training, are not effective in improving cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment.
  • Blog Post

    Sleep and aging: How many zzz's are optimal to stay healthy?

    Many are concerned about how much sleep is 'normal' and how much we need for successful aging. Although there is no simple answer, the scientific evidence shows that sleep duration has important links to health.
  • Blog Post

    Recognize and prevent delirium (confusion and agitation) when in hospital.

    Simple interventions (family visits, familiar objects, clocks) may help to prevent or recover from acute delirium in hospital. Recognize confusion or agitation and inform staff.
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